Training Stress Score for Cycling: What TSS is, how to use it, and what it doesn’t tell you

By Chris Carmichael
Founder and Head Coach of CTS

Training Stress Score, or TSS, is commonly used to describe how “hard” a ride was, but that’s only part of the story. Although it is valuable, some important aspects of training are not reflected by TSS. So, as you are scanning through your workout data and planning your upcoming cycling training, here’s a guide for using Training Stress Score effectively.

What is TSS?

Training workload is the product of duration and intensity (Workload = Time x Intensity). As duration increases, the intensity an athlete can sustain decreases. Inversely, the shorter a workout or effort, the higher the intensity can be.

Training Stress Score was developed by Dr. Andy Coggan and Hunter Allen. Their idea was to create a single metric that accounted for both intensity and duration to quantify the training load of individual workouts

Cycling TSS allows athletes to compare the physiological stress created by a short, high intensity workout to the stress of a 3-hour endurance ride.

How Training Stress Score is calculated

Training Stress Score is typically calculated automatically by devices and training software, like TrainingPeaks. Nonetheless, it is good to understand what data is used to score your workouts:

TSS = (Seconds x NP X IF) / (FTP x 3600) x 100

Spelled out, this means:

Training Stress Score = (workout time in seconds x Normalized Power x Intensity Factor) / (Functional Threshold Power x number of seconds in an hour) x 100

Example: (7080 x 183 x .85) / (215 x 3600) x 100 = 142 TSS

Definitions:

• Functional Threshold Power: The highest average power output a cyclist can maintain for 60 minutes.
• Normalized Power: An estimate of your power output that accounts for variability (coasting, hard efforts, easy spinning). A very steady effort will have an NP close to your average power. A highly variable ride could have a high NP and lower average power.
• Intensity Factor: The ratio of NP to FTP, or the relative intensity of a ride compared to the rider’s own FTP. For instance, an easy or recovery ride would have an IF less than .65, an endurance ride is likely between .70-.80, an interval workout or group ride will often be .75-.85, and a ride close to an athlete’s FTP would have an IF of .90-1.0. Short, very high intensity workouts under an hour may be over 1.0. Note: These ranges are a bit lower than what is published on TrainingPeaks, but reflect what our coaches see in data files from amateur and masters cyclists.

What is a good Training Stress Score?

Training Stress Score is neither good nor bad, but when viewed in context of past and future training, we can create target TSS values for individual workouts and training blocks. Another common training metric, Chronic Training Load (CTL) is an athlete’s average TSS over the preceding 42 days. It is sometimes thought of as an athlete’s “fitness level”, but it may be more accurate to think of it as “the workload an athlete has been sustaining”. A high CTL doesn’t always lead to high performance, particularly if the athlete is not getting enough rest.

A beginner might have a CTL of 40 and an experienced racer might have a CTL of 100. If these two riders went out and completed a 100 TSS workout today, it would be an easy to moderate intensity ride for the racer and an extremely hard ride for the beginner. When planning or evaluating training, it helps to look at daily TSS as a percentage of CTL. A common way to categorize workouts by TSS is:

• Easy: TSS 10-25% BELOW CTL
• Moderate: TSS 25% ABOVE CTL
• Hard: TSS 50-100% ABOVE CTL

For our racer, a hard workout would be 150-200 TSS, whereas a hard workout for the beginner would be 60-80 TSS.

How TSS is used and why it matters

For an athlete to make progress, training stress must be balanced by adequate recovery time. Standardizing a “score” for each workout based on its relative intensity and duration helps coaches and athletes schedule training effectively. For instance, TSS can be used to:

Estimate the “difficulty” of a workout

As mentioned above, you can put today’s workout in context to your recent workload by comparing today’s TSS to your CTL. This is important because it can provide a TSS range that’s going to be challenging but still manageable. An occasional epic ride (TSS 4x CTL, for instance) can be good, but too many rides of disproportionately high TSS can spell trouble.

Estimate recovery time required

When workout or daily TSS is higher, athletes need more recovery time before their next training bout. The exact correlation between TSS and recommended recovery time varies by athlete and training history.

Plan weekly and monthly training load

Cumulative weekly and monthly TSS can be calculated as you schedule interval workouts, endurance rides, and recovery days into a training plan. Even as the focus of training changes, tracking cumulative TSS provides an overarching view of the athlete’s total workload.

Control training ramp rate

Overtraining and injuries frequently result from increasing training workload too rapidly. Having a standardized way to compare the training stress of different workouts means we can tell how quickly training workload is changing (in either direction).

Adjusting TSS for Conditions

Check out this Time-Crunched Cyclist Podcast to learn how to adjust TSS for weather and event-specific conditions.

What TSS doesn’t tell an athlete

As with so many training metrics, TSS can be misinterpreted or misused.

How the training stress was created

By itself, TSS doesn’t tell you how the training stress was created. Today’s 140 TSS ride could have been a long and steady endurance ride, a structured workout with lactate threshold intervals, or a group ride with random surges and lots of drafting. The training stimulus from a workout is not the same as the training stress.

A ride with a TSS of 140 could be a 2-hour endurance ride or an interval workout with 30 minutes time-at-intensity at FTP. If we are just looking at TSS, these workouts are equivalent in terms of training stress. In terms of training stimulus, the rider is challenging their aerobic endurance with the 2-hr steady ride and challenging their power at FTP with the interval workout.

High-intensity interval training provides another example of this. A 60-minute VO2 max interval workout with five 4-minute intervals at 120% of FTP would be a hard session. However, only 20 minutes of the workout are at a high power output. The rest of the time (warmup, easy spinning between intervals, cooldown) will be at a low to very low output. As a result, these workouts can yield a low TSS value despite being creating a lot of stress and fatigue.

When the training stress was created

Training Stress Score attempts to combine duration and intensity into one metric, but stress applied to the body does not increase linearly with time. In other words, if you rode at a constant intensity (75% of FTP) for four hours, the actual training stress from Hour 1 is less than the training stress from Hour 4. This is because the stress required to reach Hour 4 affects your ability to perform in Hour 4. That’s not a bad thing, it’s part of the reason we do longer endurance rides. However, it means calculated TSS from a long ride may underestimate the actual training stress. For a great explanation of this concept, see this video from Dr. Stephen Seiler.

The effect of non-exercise stress

Neither your TSS nor your CTL (42-day average of daily TSS) takes lifestyle stress into account. TSS doesn’t reflect that you’ve been sleep deprived for the past two weeks because of work or a new baby. It doesn’t consider the quality of your nutrition choices or whether you are eating enough to supporting your energy expenditure. This is why it is important to record subjective feedback in your training logs, not just the device data.

Non-exercise stress becomes important when you are trying to figure out what training worked and what didn’t. If you previously struggled to recover from some high TSS workouts, the workouts may not have been the problem. The issues may have been from inadequate nutrition, poor sleep, and high lifestyle stress. Instead of avoiding workouts that hard, fix the recovery problems and next time around you may be able to cope with those same high TSS workouts.

Some related reading you may enjoy: Cycling Training Terms and Acronyms Explained

Training Stress Score®, Intensity Factor®, and Normalized Power® are registered trademark of Peaksware, creators of TrainingPeaks software.